Objective: This umbrella review aims to evaluate the current body of evidence derived from placebo-controlled trials in the management of Crohn’s disease (CD) by systematically reviewing and summarizing findings from meta-analyses.

Methods: We systematically searched databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus for meta-analyses published up to January 2025, focusing on placebo-controlled trials related to Crohn’s disease treatments. We assessed the quality of the meta-analyses using the AMSTAR-2 tool and summarized the treatment efficacy, safety, and outcomes.

Results: Out of 35 included meta-analyses, the most common treatments studied were biologic agents, including TNF inhibitors, IL-12/23 inhibitors, and integrin inhibitors. Overall, biologics showed a significant benefit over placebo in inducing remission, maintaining remission, and improving quality of life. However, safety concerns were prevalent, particularly with long-term use. Other treatments, such as corticosteroids and antibiotics, were also studied but with varying efficacy and safety profiles.

Conclusions: Biologic therapies represent the most effective treatments in CD, with substantial evidence supporting their use in clinical practice. However, issues regarding long-term safety, side effects, and individual patient characteristics must be considered when deciding on treatment options. This umbrella review highlights the importance of continued research on optimal therapy duration and the potential for personalized treatment approaches.

According to the World Health Organization (2016), 1.9 billion people worldwide (every fourth) are overweight or obese. Insulin resistance is a complex multifactorial process based on the interaction of genetic, hormonal and external factors. Insulin resistance is called one of the main causes of obesity and a trigger for type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease, liver and kidney disease, infertility in women, erectile dysfunction in men and even Alzheimer's disease. Modern lifestyle characterized by a sedentary lifestyle, high-calorie diet and stress increases the risk of developing insulin resistance. It is important to study how these factors affect children in order to develop effective preventive measures.

The morphofunctional state of the stomach under the influence of drugs has been studied by world scientists as an urgent problem, and a number of scientific studies have been conducted to solve this problem over the past decade. Among them, a group of scientists studied the histopathological changes that occurred in the gastric mucosa of white male rats under the influence of "various drugs".

The results of a number of scientific studies show that as a result of gastrointestinal dysfunction, morphofunctional changes in the layers of the stomach walls of various etiologies occur.