Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a formidable global health challenge, representing a leading cause of cancer-related mortality with limited effective therapeutic options for advanced stages. While conventional treatments have shown some efficacy, the inherent aggressive nature and complex tumor microenvironment of HCC necessitate innovative approaches. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment landscape for hematological malignancies, demonstrating profound and durable responses. However, its translation to solid tumors, including HCC, has encountered significant hurdles, such as the lack of specific tumor antigens, an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and the risk of on-target, off-tumor toxicities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in CAR T-cell therapy specifically tailored for HCC, highlighting promising target antigens identified to date, discussing the design strategies employed to enhance their efficacy, and outlining the persistent challenges that require innovative solutions. Understanding the current progress and remaining obstacles is crucial for guiding future research and realizing the full therapeutic potential of CAR T cells in the fight against HCC.

Background. Neuroischemic diabetic foot syndrome (NDFS) remains a major clinical and surgical challenge due to its high risk of limb loss and systemic complications. The coexist-ence of coronary artery disease (CAD) further complicates treatment strategies, often limiting surgical options and increasing perioperative risks. Endovascular interventions (EI) offer a mini-mally invasive alternative with potential for limb salvage and cardiovascular stability.

Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of endovascular revascularization in pa-tients with neuroischemic diabetic foot syndrome and concomitant coronary artery disease.

Materials and Methods. This single-center observational study included 114 patients with NDFS, 59 of whom had confirmed CAD. All patients underwent lower-limb endovascular interventions, including percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with or without stenting. Outcomes assessed included technical success, limb salvage rate, amputation-free survival, cardi-ovascular complications, and 6-month mortality.

Results. Endovascular interventions were successful in 91.2% of cases. Patients with CAD had a higher incidence of periprocedural cardiovascular events (11.9% vs 3.6%, p<0.05), but no significant difference in limb salvage at 6 months (84.7% vs 86.4%). Amputation-free sur-vival was slightly lower in the CAD group but remained acceptable under strict perioperative cardiologic monitoring. The overall 6-month mortality was 5.2%, with no deaths directly attribut-ed to the endovascular procedures.

Conclusion. Endovascular interventions are effective in preserving limb viability in pa-tients with neuroischemic diabetic foot, even in the presence of coronary artery disease. Multidis-ciplinary assessment and perioperative risk stratification are essential to optimize outcomes.